American gothic literature Essays

Edgar Allan Poe/American gothic literature Essays Edgar Allan Poe/American gothic literature Paper Edgar Allan Poe/American gothic literature Paper Essay Topic: Literature Gargoyles Supposed to ward off evil spirits and was considered the mascot of the gothic Considered the master of the gothic form Edgar Allan Poe Writers way of incorporating gothic Writers were peering into the darkness at the supernatural (evil) Writers way of incorporating romanticism Writers celebrated the beauties of nature (hope) Where did the Gothic Literary tradition came to be in part From the gothic architecture of the middle ages High stained-glass windows Were intended to inspire awe and fear in religious worships What did Gothic and romanticism spawn frkm The age of reasom Effect of war on gothic After the real horrors of the civil war, it got less popular Gothic comeback in south 20th century Edgar Allan Poe (early life) Born in Boston and 1of3 Poes parents Actors, dad left, mom died of tuberculosis John and Francis Allan Poes adopted parents in Richmond, VA University of Virginia he started there in 1826 but had to leave due to reckless habits Moving back to Boston In 1827 poe moved back to Boston and published his first book Tamerlane and other poesms Tamerlane and other poems Army In 1828 Poe was flat broke and enlisted in the army, his stepdad got an appointment at Westpoint, but found it confining, and made sure he got expelled Baltimore Moved to Baltimore briefly Virginia and marriage In 1836 Poe was 27 and married his 13-year-old cousin for money. he soon goes back to New York and publishers a short novel Philadelphia He moves to Philadelphia and in 1839 becomes an editor at burtons and wrote short stories. After getting fired at burtons He tried to start his own and failed. He accepted a job as editor at Grahams publishing wher he published his first detective story, the murders in the Rue Morgue The raven 1845 The gold bug This story was successful and made him recognize. He used cryptography in this story. Soon after his wife Virginia dies tuberculosis 1849 He was struggling and depressed and collapses on the Baltimore Street. A few days later he dies Biography A rival wrote a biography about him Cryptography Two Greek words, Kryptos (hidden), and graph (writing) Encryption The conversion of information from a readable state to apparent nonsense Modern cryptography Heavily based on mathematical theory In the beginning In the beginning many people were illiterate so they use of cryptography wasnt necessary Types of cypher Transposition and substitution cypher Poe loved cryptography He put advertisements for solving Cyphers and he wouldnt stop thinking about them until they were solved

Ada Lovelace - Mathematics and Computer Pioneer

Ada Lovelace - Mathematics and Computer Pioneer Ada Augusta Byron was the only legitimate child of the Romantic poet, George Gordon, Lord Byron. Her mother was Anne Isabella Milbanke who took the baby at one month old away from her fathers home. Ada Augusta Byron never saw her father again; he died when she was eight. Ada Lovelaces mother, who had studied mathematics herself, decided that her daughter would be spared the fathers eccentricities by studying more logical subjects like math and science, rather than literature or poetry. Young Ada Lovelace showed a genius for math from an early age. Her tutors included William Frend, William King and Mary Somerville. She also learned music, drawing and languages, and became fluent in French. Ada Lovelace met Charles Babbage in 1833, and became interested in a model he had constructed of a mechanical device to compute values of quadratic functions, the Difference Engine. She also studied his ideas on another machine, the Analytical Engine, which would use punched cards to read instructions and data for solving mathematical problems. Babbage also became Lovelaces mentor, and helped Ada Lovelace begin mathematical studies with Augustus de Moyan in 1840 at the University of London. Babbage himself never wrote about his own inventions, but in 1842, an Italian engineer Manabrea (later Italys prime minister) described Babbages Analytical Engine in an article published in French. Augusta Lovelace was asked to translate this article into English for a British scientific journal. She added many notes of her own to the translation, since she was familiar with Babbages work. Her additions showed how Babbages Analytical Engine would work, and gave a set of instructions for using the Engine for calculating Bernoulli numbers. She published the translation and notes under the initials A.A.L, concealing her identity as did many women who published before women were more accepted as intellectual equals. Augusta Ada Byron married a William King (though not the same William King who had been her tutor) in 1835. In 1838 her husband became the first Earl of Lovelace, and Ada became countess of Lovelace. They had three children. Ada Lovelace unknowingly developed an addiction to prescribed drugs including laudanum, opium and morphine, and displayed classic mood swings and withdrawal symptoms. She took up gambling and lost most of her fortune. She was suspected of an affair with a gambling comrade. In 1852, Ada Lovelace died of uterine cancer. She was buried next to her famous father. More than a hundred years after her death, in 1953, Ada Lovelaces notes on Babbages Analytical Engine were republished after having been forgotten. The engine was now recognized as a model for a computer, and Ada Lovelaces notes as a description of a computer and software. In 1980, the U.S. Department of Defense settled on the name Ada for a new standardized computer language, named in honor of Ada Lovelace. Fast Facts Known for:  creating the concept of an operating system or softwareDates:  December 10, 1815 - November 27, 1852Occupation:  mathematician, computer pioneerEducation:  University of LondonAlso known as:  Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace; Ada King Lovelace Books About Ada Lovelace Moore, Doris Langley-Levy.  Countess of Lovelace: Byrons Legitimate Daughter. Toole, Betty A. and Ada King Lovelace.  Ada, the Enchantress of Numbers: Prophet of the Computer Age.  1998. Woolley, Benjamin.  The Bride of Science: Romance, Reason and Byrons Daughter.  2000. Wade, Mary Dodson.  Ada Byron Lovelace: the Lady and the Computer.  1994. Grades 7-9.

Sexuality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Sexuality - Research Paper Example In recent years, diverse authors in critical applied linguistics have highlighted various dimensions of power inequalities in the exploration of social identities (e.g., Varney, 2002; Simon-Maeda, 2004). The contribution of this critical approach has highlighted the need to challenge the reproduction of unjust power relations. It has also suggested strategies for empowerment and social transformation. However, this approach has been limited, to some extent, in its applicability to issues of gender and sexuality due to the influence of social constructionism. Mohr (1992) defines a radical social constructionist perspective as one that posits human beings as "blank slates" whose behaviors are determined by the influence of environmental factors. Mohr criticizes what he sees as a disregard for evidence of the role of biological factors in matters of gender and of sexuality. However, an acute focus on biological dimensions also has significant limitations. Sears (1997) evokes this problem in his analysis of sexuality education in most Western educational contexts: "Relying heavily on biology and side-stepping issues of morality, teachers seldom employ the social sciences and the arts to explore the labyrinthine social structures of sexuality and gender" (pp. 275-276). Dimensions of morality, emotional depth, non-conscious processes, and individual imagination in gender and sexuality are sometimes lost in approaches where subjects seem to be determined either by biology or by their participation in language and culture. In his article on agency and identity issues surrounding sexuality, Phillips (1996) remarks that social constructionism is now "[T]he dominant paradigm, indeed orthodoxy, within gay and lesbian cultural studies" (p. 105). This paradigm has limited success in initiating dialogue on gender and sexuality issues with those who conceptualize and experience their own sex and sexuality as solid facts, rather than the cumulative product of socio-cultural acts (Mohr, 1992). While Nelson (1999) lauds queer theory's slogan of "acts not facts," it has to be noted that the reverse position-facts, not acts- seems to be the perspective of the majority of practitioners in education. Indeed, Phillips argues that many students also feel this way with regard to their sense of self for sexual identities. On the one hand, then, there is a body of literature in critical applied linguistics and in queer studies (e.g. Perrotti & Westheimer, 2001; Wyss, 2004) that asserts a social constructionist perspective on gender and sexuality identities. The basis for this approach is often taken from a type of psychoanalytic drives theory that accords primal positivity to all expressions of sexual desire. This dominant perspective in academic spheres seems to have little potential for changing the contrasting perspectives of the majority of participants in education, and in society at large, where attention to the moral dimension of sexuality issues is prevalent. This perspective finds no point of connection with discourses that specify few moral parameters in considering diverse issues of sexuality such as the age-of-consent for minors,

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 44

Business Law - Essay Example The company should seek a temporary work permit in the United States. The company should also seek the assistance of an approved attorney who prepares the form "I-94---Arrival and Departure Record making it easier for contractors to work efficiently in America. The company should also seek labor certification from the immigration office for their constructors. We are a foreign construction company seeking to expand our services to the United States. The letter aims to inform and register our company with the tax department as a move to comply with the necessary tax obligations. Mrs. Photolover failed to seek the necessary copyright when selling the photographs though she specified the exceptions. Mr. Likesdrawing used someone’s material outside the stated exceptions without the consent of the developer. Mrs. Photolover should sue to discontinue the sale of the said pictures and obtain a valid copyright. Mr. Likes drawing should argue on the basis of fair usage as the picture lacks a valid copyright. Producers developed an anti-competitive practice that involved price fixing. Consumers are protected by law from acts of price fixation, and the companies can be sued. The Sherman Act prevents acts of collusion among producers to fix prices, and violations attract fines of up to $10 million for corporations and $350000 or a three-year imprisonment or both for individuals. The case relating to Apple Corporation is based on the antitrust laws and competition issues. The possible outcomes include the requirement for Apple to prove that their acquisition is based on economic policies and also illustrate the desire of a fair competition with no intention of unfair practices. Where Apple fails to prove the fair competition, the European Commission will illustrate its fears before the judge. The judge can abolish the deal in venturing in the music streaming industry or provide various obligations that the company has to follow. A similar case example involved the case

Atmospheric Circulation on Venus Research Paper

Atmospheric Circulation on Venus - Research Paper Example The Venus atmosphere is in a condition of vigorous circulation and super-rotation (Hunten, et al. 685). In just 4 days, the entire atmosphere circles the planet which is faster than the sidereal day of 243 days of the planet. The super rotation is supported by the winds and they blow as fast as 100 m/s (360 km/h or 220 mph). Winds move up to 60 times of the rotation of the planet. On the other hand, the speed of wind becomes greatly slower as the elevation from the surface becomes smaller, with the breeze rarely reaching the speed of 10 km/h on the surface. Anticyclonic structures are near the poles and they are called vortices. Every vortex is double-eyed and exhibits a characteristic S-shaped pattern of clouds. These Venus don’t have a magnetic field. Its ionosphere disconnects the atmosphere from the solar wind and outer space. This layer that is ionized includes the solar magnetic field, providing Venus with a distinct magnetic environment. This is believed to be Venusâ₠¬â„¢s induced magnetosphere. Gases that are lighter including water vapor, keeps on being blown away by the solar wind through the induced magnetotail. It is believed that Venus’s atmosphere up to around 4 billion years ago was similar to that of the earth containing water on the surface. A runaway greenhouse effect may have been brought by surface water evaporation and subsequent rise of the levels of other greenhouse gases. Despite the severe conditions on the surface, the pressure and temperature of the atmosphere at approximately 50km to 65km above the planet’s surface is around the same as that of the Earth, hence its upper atmosphere almost the same as the earth’s in the Solar System, even more than the Mars’ surface. Because of the similarity in temperature and pressure and the fact that breathable air is a lifting gas on earth, the upper part of the atmosphere has been proposed as a section for both colonization and

Amway Design Advertising Marketing Essay

Amway Design Advertising Marketing Essay Introduction Amway was founded in 1959 by two entrepreneurs Jay Van Andel  and  Richard DeVos. Amway is a direct selling company based in Ada, Michigan, United States. It is the world largest direct selling company and manufacturer that uses network marketing business model. The company is selling a range of products, mainly in fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) and also a range of other products. Its products lines include home care products, personal care products, jewellery, electronics, Nutrilite dietary supplements, water purifiers, air purifiers, insurance and cosmetics. Figure 1: Logo of Amway Source: Amway.com Figure 2: Jay Van Andel   Richard DeVos source: Amway.com Figure 3: Multi level marketing source: stock image Although Amway adapts its business model slightly different from market to market however the main marketing strategy still involve the combination of  direct selling  with a  multi-level marketing  strategy. Direct selling defined by Belch as the direct personal presentation, demonstration, and sale of products and services to consumers, generally in their homes or at their jobs (Belch 2006). Besides multi-level marketing also called in different ways by different scholars network marketing (Pratt, Rosa, Josà © 2003) (Cahn, 2006), direct selling (Merilee, 1999), referral marketing (Higgs; Smith, 2007). The distributors under the company as an agent will get rewards for selling products and for sponsoring others who do the same. The bigger of the agent business grows will have the same affect on the rewards. According to the official website of Amway, it conducts business through a number of affiliated companies in more than ninety countries and territories around the world (Amway UK 2009).  It is ranked by  Forbes online source business, financial news and analysis as one of the largest private companies in the United States in the year of 2008 (Forbes 2008)  and by  Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu as one of the largest retailers in the world. The vision of Amway Company is we work each and every day to help people live better lives. We achieve our vision by helping people everywhere discover their potential and achieve their goals by offering better products and opportunities for the future, and by sharing generously with the global community (Amway 2009).   Amway business model is based on the Amway Business Owner Compensation Plan can be descript as a low-risk, low-cost business opportunity that is open to everyone (Amway 2009).   Following paragraphs will evaluate the key strategic factors that have generated success for this business and also being a successful entrepreneurial venture. The concept of entrepreneurship can be divided in to five divisions begin with entrepreneur traits, creativity, innovation, business planning and  growth management (Davison, 2006). These five concepts are the characteristics of an entrepreneur and the business. Key strategic success factors is the combination from all division of the business, different areas of Amway will be discussed on how it is a successful business. Key strategy success factors There are differences to describe and displayed by entrepreneurs. According to Cunningham and Lischeron (1991) characteristics of an entrepreneur can be divided in to six schools of thought. The founders of Amway Jay Van Andel  and  Richard DeVos portray as the psychological characteristics school. The Psychological Characteristics School of entrepreneurship views entrepreneurs as individuals with unique values, beliefs, attitudes and needs which drive them and differentiate them from non-entrepreneurs (Cunningham and Lischeron, 1991). Two founders of Amway started the business by involve themselves in a similar multilevel marketing organisation Nutrilite Products Corporation as the distributors. Further on with the strong human network that they have and formed  The American Way Association business to able them to expend their business and also look for additional products to market. When the business growths stronger there take over different companies and also have their ow n manufacturers. The business keeps on growing with the multilevel marketing system in different countries. They believe in the values that the business can bring to them and have the attitudes that driven them to become successful entrepreneurs. The ability of creativity and innovation will become an advantages for entrepreneur in differentiate their business with others. Schumpeter (1934) mention that entrepreneurship is the realisation of new factor combinations also can be understood as innovation in business. He point out that it is about new products, new services, new raw material sources, new production methods, new markets, new forms of organization. Amway committed themselves into innovation and research. The company has produced more than 800 patents granted and more than 600 patents pending. Throughout the year Amway company has been recognized in their business performance that includes manufacturing excellence, environmental concern, and commitment to safety and health (Amway global, 2010). Figure 4: Basic design school model, Mintzberg 2000 Figure 5: Products range Figure 6 : Amways supply Chain Business plan is the first stage for a business; basic design school model (Mintzberg 2000) is a great model to evaluate a business plan. In the initial stage of the model by looking into the external appraisal this is to examine the external elements influences the entrepreneurs strategy option. There is a huge demand on the FMCG, commodities and also dietary supplements market that with the customer groups from all levels and ages. Although there are lot of big players in this sector, but with the unique multilevel marketing approach it became a strong competitive company. Threats and opportunities in the environment  is one of the important element is the Basic design school model. The threats and opportunities of Amway will be explained as an entrepreneurial point of view. Begin by presenting the first opportunity of the business; from a lager scope China and India are the two countries that with a large scale of market share. From a larger scale the opportunity that the company gains as China remains the core opportunity with the huge market. In the year 1998 Amway was one of the direct selling company that banned by government of China to operate in the country. However in December 2006 Amway was one of the first companies to receive a license to resume direct sales by chinas ministry of commerce. The rules and regulation that keep on changing by different countries will bring both threats and opportunities time by time. Second from a smaller scale based on recent economic recession has presented Amway with an opportunity to increase their income as its Independent Business Operators (IBOs) through their Amway sales at the same time it also provide an opportunity for individual to recruit new IBOs to join the business to be the same in this economic situation. Besides opportunities there are also threats to be considered as an entrepreneur. In a weak economic with high unemployment there will be an increase in the recruitment in the new IBOs however this is still subject to weak retail sales. Somehow the IBOs may turn away from Amway when they are unable to generate sufficient revenue. The big players in the FMCG market such as PG and LOreal consolidated share by acquisition over the review period, and the competitive environment for Amway became more aggressive. Besides With recent consolidation among standard distributed VDS brands. Amway is facing increasing competition from non-direct sellers (Euromonitor International, 2009). The key success factors in the marketing of Amway that act as the most important method to generate the rapid grow of the company. In most of the countries with the Amway business, the company will provide support for it IBOs. Because of the nature of MLM, the number of IBOs of Amway will be multiplied in a short period of time. Through the support from the company, it will provide training and educating system about Amway business. The purpose is to persuade them to follow the philosophy regards to the method of performing in the business. Besides, there are also materials to support the business for example information in CD, books and events to promote the business and also as a motivation factor. The first point is about Amway have a group of loyalty consumer that are the group of distributors. IBOs of the company with the concept of building up their business and intend to buy and use the products themselves. The group of IBOs will be influenced to a great extent by the community as well as they are constantly encouraged to try the product in advance, before selling it with a better understanding and knowledge of the new products (Wotruba, 1990). Second point a strong word of mouth created around the Amway community and this will influence friends and relative of the consumer, the IBOs expected to have the similar influences of sharing tastes and interests (Chen et al 1998). The recommendations from the opinion leader would be trusted and acceptable. Following with the judgments of the product, the quality of the product has been acknowledges to be with high standard. Specific support and training from the supplier and products manual builds positive perception and confident of the products. The price of the products is consider expensive, however the high prices are justified on the basis of quality and the usage which involves lower cost compare with products from other company with the similar function ability. Aggressive on New products launch and promotions from time to time by the company has generated increase in sales for the company. The promotion will give the IBOs to push the products out to the market to gain the benefits from it. A new launch of products will provide the IBOs with new opportunity to introduce it to their customers. One of the big different between the conventional business like PG compare with Amway is, Amway did not need to spend huge among of money to invest in the distribution channels and the mass advertising. These give the company an advantage in the spread of advertising and marketing cost over the volume, this result in a lower unit cost and more competitive prices. The strength of the company came from a strong presence in the emerging markets, notably China, Russia and India, Amway is well positioned to benefit from the strong growth anticipated in these markets over the 2008- 2013 period. (Euromonitor International, 2009) On the other hand, the weakness of the company is because direct sales has a poor image in Western markets. Amway has been accused in the past of failing to support its IBOs. While the company has defended itself against these claims, damage has been done to its reputation. Figure 7 : Logo of OneBYOne campaign Figure 8: Logo of unicef Amway practices a strong social responsibility and it recognise as being a good corporate citizen. Amway has a global campaign to help children named OneBYOne. The campaign illustrates the idea of making a difference in childrens lives one step at a time and it is part of an umbrella cause to improve the wellbeing of children worldwide (The Time 100, 2010). In the European part Amway Europe has work together with the United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF), to support the global champion for childrens right. It recognises the importance of building good working relationships with UNICEFs National Committees in each market in order to rollout fundraising programmes to Amways IBOs and their customers. (The Time 100, 2010) Figure 9 : Economies of scale spreading costs in advertising Figure 10 : Growth Stages Churchill and Lewis (1992) Entrepreneurs business growth can be explained into five stages of existence, survival, success, take ­off, and maturity (Churchill and Lewis, 1992). As a whole the Amway business is in a maturity stage, with the long history of the cooperation and also business worldwide. However because of the unique business approach, business will repeat the process of business growth in newly opened market. The consistency performance of the Amway business will lead the company to maintain in the business stability in the maturity stage. Conclusion After discussion, explanation and evaluation about the direct selling company from different perspectives in entrepreneurial, business, marketing and social responsibility. All these elements have sum up and became the key strategic factors that have generated success for the Amway Company. Entrepreneurship is a process that keeps on developing,x different challenges will come a head in the future and the entrepreneur will need to be prepared to face the challenges.

Linux Forensics Tools :: Linux Forensics Software

This report aims to provide an overview of different Linux forensics software. 2 Motivation Nowadays, most of the web, email, database and fileservers are Linux servers. Linux is a UNIX system which implies that it has solid compatibility, stability and security features. Linux is used for the mentioned environments because these services require high security. Further, an increase of attacks on these servers can be observed. Additionally, the methods to prevent intrusions on Linux machines are insufficient. Further, the analysis of incidents on Linux systems are not considered appropriately (Choi, Savoldi, Gubian, Lee, & Lee, 2008). It can also be observed that a lot of investigators do not have experience with Linux forensics (Altheide, 2004). Because of these reasons it is necessary to provide a set of tools that support investigators during their investigations. 3 Linux Forensics Software There is a wide range of Linux forensic software available. There are single tools like file carvers, or there are comprehensive collections of tools. In the following, some of the most popular Linux forensic tools are described. The focus is put on The Sleuth Kit because it is organized according to the different filesystem layers. This provides an interesting insight on how forensics is done on filesystems. 3.1 The Sleuth Kit The Sleuth Kit (TSK) is a collection of filesystem tools which was originally developed by Brian Carrier. TSK is an improved and extended development of The Coroner’s Toolkit (TCT). TCT had severe limitations, so TSK was developed to overcome these shortcomings (Altheide & Carvey, 2011). TSK includes 21 command line utilities. In order to ease the orientation for TSK users the utilities are named in a manner that helps users who are familiar with UNIX and the Linux command line. The name of the tools consists of two parts. There is a prefix that indicates the level of the filesystem at which the tool operates. The suffix provides information on the output that can be expected. Further, there are two layers that do not exactly match the filesystem model (Altheide & Carvey, 2011): j-: Operates against filesystem journals img-: Operates against image files The following table summarizes the meanings of the suffixes. Suffix Description -stat Displays general information about the queried item -ls Lists the contents of the queried layer -cat Extracts the content of the queried layer Table 3‑1: TSK suffixes (Altheide & Carvey, 2011, p. 43) TSK does not include tools that operate on the disk layer. The reason is that TSK is a filesystem forensic analysis framework.